Arthritis Defined

Arthritis is an umbrella term for more than 100 medical conditions. One of the most prevalent chronic health problems, arthritis is a leading cause of disability among people over age 15.

Arthritis effects the musculo-skeletal system where two or more bones meet. This can lead to joint weakness, pain and deformities such as misshapen joints of the hands and feet that can interfere with everyday activities—walking, climbing stairs, using a computer, cutting food or brushing teeth.

Many forms of arthritis affect the whole body, damaging not only the joints, but also the heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels and skin. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage that covers the ends of bones breaks down, causing pain and loss of movement as bone rubs against bone. Causes include wear due to advancing age, obesity-related wear and injuries. Genetics also may be a factor.

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system, which normally fights disease, attacks joint linings and other organs, causing them to be painful. Symptoms include joint inflammation, swelling and pain, fever, loss of energy and lumps under the skin at pressure points such as the elbows. The cause is unknown.

Symptoms of some less prevalent, though still painful, types of arthritis are described below:

• Gout most often attacks small joints. Symptoms include pain, tenderness and redness in the joints, especially the big toe. Causes include excess alcohol consumption, certain foods, crash diets, joint injuries and chemotherapy.
• Ankylosing spondylitis occurs when the bones of the spine become inflamed, causing them to grow together. Symptoms include chronic pain and stiffness in the lower back, usually starting where the lower spine joins the pelvis or hip. The cause is unknown although there may be a genetic link.
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) can inflame and damage joints and other connective tissues throughout the body. Symptoms include fever, low energy, no appetite, and overall aches and pains. The cause is unknown although there may be a genetic link.
• Fibromyalgia causes widespread pain in the muscles and attachments to the bone. The cause is unknown.

Mardy Fones is a freelance writer in Nashville, Tenn.

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